Healthy Food Tomatoes' Lycopene Inhibits Primary Lung Cancer

Primary lung cancer is a medical and chronic condition characterized by irregular cell growth in the tissues of the lung.

The lungs are a pair of spongy, air-filled organs located on either side of the chest, with the function of inspiration that takes oxygen from incoming air to the blood and releases carbon dioxide.

In other words, the lung exchanges carbon dioxide from the blood to oxygen.

Furthermore, the lung also filters out a small blood clot, balancing the Ph levels in the body, protecting the body from infection as well as speeching.

According to the statistics, in the US, approximately 228,000 people in the US will be diagnosed with lung cancer in 2019 or 1 in 16 people in the US will be diagnosed with lung cancer in their lifetime.


About 60% to 65% of all new lung cancer diagnoses are among people who have never smoked or are former smokers.

Most cases of lung cancer at the early stage are asymptomatic due to the very small size of the tumor. However, at the later stage, the oversize of the tumor that not only reduces the lung function and press on the nearby nerve cells and blood vessels, leading to symptoms of lung cancer, accompanied by general symptoms shared by other types of cancer.


The most common symptoms of lung cancer include a persistent cough, cough-up blood with rust-colored sputum (spit or phlegm) due to the oversize tumor that has pressed on nearby blood vessels, chest pain due to the oversize tumor that has pressed on the nerve cells and shortness of breath. Feeling tired or weak.

The other lung, adrenal gland, bones, brain, and liver are most common in primary lung cancer metastasis.

Some researchers suggested lung cancer in the US may be correlated to the rise of obesity.

Dr. Khemayanto Hidayat, the lead scientist said, "Several meta-analyses of observational studies have been performed to examine the association between general obesity, as measured by body mass index (BMI), and lung cancer. These meta-analyses suggest an inverse relationship between high BMI and this cancer. In contrast to general obesity, abdominal obesity appears to play a role in the development of lung cancer".


And, "greater WC was associated with increased lung cancer risk among never smokers (RR 1.11; 95% CI 1.00, 1.23), former smokers (RR 1.12; 95% CI 1.03, 1.22) and current smokers (RR 1.16; 95% CI 1.08, 1.25). The summary RRs for highest versus lowest categories of WC and WHR were 1.32 (95% CI 1.13, 1.54; I2 = 18.2%, p-heterogeneity = 0.281) and 1.10 (95% CI 1.00, 1.23; I2 = 24.2%, p-heterogeneity = 0.211), respectively".


Tomato is red, edible fruit, genus Solanum, belonging to family Solanaceae, native to South America. Because of its health benefits, the tomato is grown worldwide for the commercial purpose
and often in the greenhouse.

On finding a natural compound for the treatment of lung cancer, researchers in the cancer team at the Tufts University investigated the effects of tomato's lycopene against tobacco carcinogen 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) induced lesions in both lungs in an animal model.

The study included elected male ferrets (6 groups, n = 8-10) were treated either with NNK (50 mg/kg BW, i.p., once a month for four consecutive months) or saline with or without dietary lycopene supplementation (2.2 and 6.6 mg/kg BW/day, respectively) for 26 weeks.

Before the treatment of lycopene, NNK exposure ferrets showed higher incidences of lung tumors, HCC and steatohepatitis, and the elevations in bilirubin and AST levels.

Lycopene supplementation treatment at two doses prevented NNK-induced lung toxicity and inflammation. The expression of levels of CYP2E1 in the liver associated with the metabolism of xenobiotics in the liver was also inhibited by the injection of lycopene.


In other words, lycopene prevented the NNK in the induction of lung and liver damage in the tested animals.

Based on the findings, researchers said, "The present study provided strong experimental evidence that the tobacco carcinogen NNK can induce both HCC and steatohepatitis in the ferrets and can be a useful model for studying tobacco carcinogen-associated NAFLD and liver cancer".

Furthermore, in a mouse model associated with colon cancer metastatic to the lungs, Dr. Chattopadhyay A, the lead scientist wrote, "adding 0.06% of Tg6F, but not a control tomato concentrate (EV), to standard mouse chow reduced tumor-associated neutrophils by 94 ± 1.1%, and reduced tumor burden by two-thirds".

Taken altogether, cooked tomatoes processed abundantly bioactive compound lycopene may be considered supplements for the prevention and treatment of complications caused by oxidative stress, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

Intake of lycopene in the form of supplements should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose acute liver toxicity.

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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Efficacy of tomato concentrates in mouse models of dyslipidemia and cancer by Chattopadhyay A1, Grijalva V1, Hough G1, Su F2, Mukherjee P1, Farias-Eisner R2, Anantharamaiah GM3, Faull KF4, Hwang LH4, Navab M1, Fogelman AM1, Reddy ST. (PubMed)
(2) Tobacco carcinogen induces both lung cancer and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatocellular carcinomas in ferrets which can be attenuated by lycopene supplementation by Aizawa K1,2, Liu C1, Tang S1, Veeramachaneni S1, Hu KQ1, Smith DE3, Wang XD. (PubMed)
(3) Abdominal Obesity and Lung Cancer Risk: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies by Khemayanto Hidayat,1 Xuan Du,1 Guochong Chen,2 Minhua Shi,3 and Bimin Shi. (PMC)