Healthy Foods Brassica rapa Suppresses Oxidative Nephrotoxicity in Vitro and Vivo

Kidneys are 2 bean-shaped organs found on the left and right side in the retroperitoneal space in the body.

The function of kidneys is to filter blood and control fluids. They are the second detoxed organs besides the liver and skin.

Due to millions of tiny filters called nephrons in each kidney, people may not experience any kidney dysfunction symptoms at an early stage.

Kidney diseases are a class of medical conditions associated with reduced function of the kidney, in cases, complete loss of kidney function such as kidney failure.

Believe it or not, in the US, the leading causes of kidney failure and the end stage of chronic kidney diseases are diabetes and high blood pressure.

Nephrotoxicity or acute kidney failure is a condition of toxicity in the kidneys.

The disease is caused by the poisonous effect of prolonged use of certain medications and the accumulation of harmful chemicals.

According to the American physician association, long-term use of penicillins, cephalosporins, sulfonamides, thiazide diuretics, furosemide, NSAIDs, and rifampicin are associated to increase damage to the kidney.

And people age over 60 is at increased risk of nephrotoxicity if the above medicines are prescribed for prolonged periods.

Oxidative nephrotoxicity is a condition of kidney damage caused by overexpression of free radicals compared to levels of antioxidants.

Dr. Keiko Hosohata in the examining "Role of Oxidative Stress in Drug-Induced Kidney Injury",
Said, "Because the kidney is exposed to a larger proportion and higher concentration of drugs and toxins than other organs through the secretion of ionic drugs by tubular organic ion transporters across the luminal membranes of renal tubular epithelial cells, and through the reabsorption of filtered toxins into the lumen of the tubule, these cells are at greater risk for injury".


And "In fact, drug-induced kidney injury is a serious problem in clinical practice and accounts for roughly 20% of cases of acute kidney injury (AKI) among hospitalized patients".


Broccoli is a mustard/cabbage plant, belongings to the family Brassicaceae. The veggie has large flower heads, usually green in color with a mass of flower heads surrounded by leaves and evolved from a wild cabbage plant from the continent of Europe.

With an aim to find a natural food for the prevention and treatment of kidney diseases, researchers examined nephroprotective effects of 6-hydroxy-1-methylindole-3-acetonitrile (6-HMA), which was isolated from the roots of B. rapa, on cisplatin-induced toxicity in renal epithelial LLC-PK1 cells and in rats with acute renal injury

The study included 16subjects that were randomized, and fifteen subjects completed all visits.

According to the tested analysis, in vitro and Vivo
* The pretreatment of LLC-PK1 cells with 6-HMA ameliorated cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity caused by oxidative stress.

* The pretreatment also decreased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and kidney stress marker malondialdehyde (MDA) and increased levels of glutathione (GSH).

* Furthermore, 6-HMA inhibited cisplatin-induced heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression involved in oxidation and inflammation by the binding activity of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), the antioxidant proteins that protect against oxidative damage triggered by injury and inflammation.

* Moreover, 6-HMA administered rats showed lower levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and urinary lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) associated with kidney damage than cisplatin alone-treated rats in cisplatin-induced renal injury model.

* Additionally, 6-HMA inhibited the cisplatin-induced formation of MDA and GSH depletion and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione reductase (GR).

Based on the results, researchers wrote, " these findings indicate 6-HMA is a major active constituent from the roots of B. Rapa to have a protective effect against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by attenuating oxidative stress.".
Taken altogether, Brassica rapa processed abundantly 6-HMA may be considered supplements for the prevention of oxidative nephrotoxicity, ending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.


Intake of SFN in the form of supplements should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose acute liver toxicity.

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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Protective effects of 6-hydroxy-1-methylindole-3-acetonitrile on cisplatin-induced oxidative nephrotoxicity via Nrf2 inactivation by Moon JH1, Shin JS, Kim JB, Baek NI, Cho YW, Lee YS, Kay HY, Kim SD, Lee KT. (PubMed)
(2) Role of Oxidative Stress in Drug-Induced Kidney Injury by Keiko Hosohata. (PMC)