Vegetables and Fruits in the Prevention and Treatment of Subtypes of Esophageal and Gastric Cancer in Vitro

The esophagus, an organ in vertebrates, is the tube that leads foods from the pharynx to the stomach.

Esophageal cancer is a medical condition that starts in the cells on the surface of the inner lining of the esophageal tissue caused by the alternation of cell DNA.

The most common types of esophageal cancer are adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.

Adenocarcinoma arises from the glands in the mucosa, and squamous cell carcinoma begins in flat cells lining the esophagus.

The stomach located between the esophagus and the small intestine is a muscular, hollow and important organ of the digestive tract.

Stomach cancer is a condition of abnormal growth of the mucus-producing cells of the inside lining of the stomach. Adenocarcinoma is the most common type of stomach cancer.

According to the Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network Group (TCGA), gastric cancer can be classified into four subtypes: EBV-positive tumors, microsatellite unstable tumors (MSI), genomically stable tumors (GS), and tumors with chromosomal instability (CIN).

The stages of both subtypes of esophageal and gastric cancer can be classified into
1. Stage 0,
If the cancerous cell has not penetrated in deeper tissue but on the surface of the inside lining of the stomach.
2. Stage I
In stage I, The cancerous cells are no longer on the surface but have invaded into deep the inside stomach lining but still completely inside the stomach
a. Stage IA
The cancer is not ≤ 3 mm (1/8 inch) deep and ≤ 7 mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.1. Stage IA1:
The spreading is not less than 3mm(1/8 inch) deep and & less than 7mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.2. Stage IA2:
The invasion area is ≥ 3 mm but ≤ 5 mm (about 1/5 inch) deep and & less than 7 mm (about 1/4 inch) wide. b.
Stage IB:
Cancer in this stage has invaded the connective tissue, & less than 5mm (1/5 inch).
b.1. Stage IB1:
Cancer is 4 cm large (1 3/4 inches).
b.2. Stage IB2:
Cancer is ≥ 4 cm (1 3/4 inches) but & less than 5cm (1/5 inch)

3. Stage II
In stage II, the cancerous cells have spread to distant tissues but are still within the stomach lining.

4. Stage III
In this stage, cancerous cells have spread to the tissues immediately surrounding the stomach lining.

5. Stage IVIn this stage, cancerous cells have spread to the tissues immediately outside of the stomach to distant parts of the body.


Cabbage is a species of Brassica oleracea belongings to the family Brassicaceae (or Cruciferae), native to the Mediterranean region along the seacoast. The veggie has a short stem with a crowded mass of leaves, usually green but in some varieties, it may be red or purplish.

On findings a natural wholefood for the prevention of subtypes of esophageal and gastric cancer, researchers examined the association between vegetables and fruits consumption and risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (GCA), and gastric noncardia adenocarcinoma (GNCA).


According to the results of the Netherlands Cohort Study in 1986, including 120,852 Dutch men and women aged 55-69 filled out a questionnaire on diet and other cancer risk factors, and after 16.3 years of follow-up,

* Total vegetable consumption was nonsignificantly inversely associated with EAC and ESCC risk, but not with GCA and GNCA risk.
More precisely, Significant inverse associations were observed forraw vegetables and EAC risk [RR per 25 g/day: 0.81, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.68-0.98], and Brassica vegetables and GCA risk (RR per 25 g/day: 0.72, 95% CI 0.54-0.95).


* Total fruit consumption was associated with a nonsignificantly decreased EAC risk.

Particularly, citrus fruits were inversely associated with EAC and GCA risk (RRs for highest vs. lowest intake: 0.55, 95% CI 0.31-0.98 and 0.38, 95% CI 0.21-0.69, respectively).

More Profoundly, for current smokers, vegetables and possibly also fruits intake was inversely associated with ESCC and EAC risk.

Based on the results, researchers wrote, "Consumption of (specific groups of) vegetables and fruits may protect against subtypes of esophageal and gastric cancer".

Taken altogether, regular intake of vegetables and fruits may prevent the onset of subtypes of esophageal and gastric cancer, pending the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.


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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Vegetables and fruits consumption and risk of esophageal and gastric cancer subtypes in the Netherlands Cohort Study by Steevens J1, Schouten LJ, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA. (PubMed)