Obesity and Asthma

 Posted by Chantel Martiromo,  Article By Kyle J. Norton
 Obesity is defined as a medical condition of excess body fat has accumulated overtime, while overweight is a condition of excess body weight relatively to the height. According to the Body Mass Index(BMI), a BMI between 25 to 29.9 is considered over weight, while a BMI of over 30 is an indication of obesity. According to the statistic, 68% of American population are either overweight or obese.
Asthma effects over 300 million people word wide and causes as many as 250,000 death a year. The rate has increased rapidly over last 10 year as a result of "industrial revolution" of countries in the South East Asia. Contrary to general believe, most cases of asthma are caused by allergic effects and many people suffer their first asthma attack after the age of 70.
In conventional medicine, asthma is defined as a condition of chronic airway inflammatory disease, including symptoms of airway obstruction, sudden constriction of the muscles in the walls of the bronchioles, tight chest, wheezing, coughing, etc.

1. The joint association of anxiety, depression and obesity with incident asthma
In the study to assess the association of anxiety or depression symptoms and the joint association of these symptoms and obesity with incident asthma, found that having anxiety or depression symptoms was associated with incident asthma [odds ratio (OR) 1.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09-1.78). Obese participants with anxiety or depression symptoms had a substantially higher risk of incident asthma (OR 2.93, 95% CI 2.20-3.91) than any other group (non-obese participants without anxiety or depression symptoms [reference], non-obese participants with anxiety or depression symptoms (OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.00-1.45) and obese participants without anxiety or depression symptoms (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.19-1.82)]. The relative excess risk for incident asthma due to interaction between anxiety or depression symptoms and obesity was 1.26 (95% CI 0.39-2.12)(1).

2. Metabolic syndrome and incidence of asthma
Obesity is a risk factor for incident asthma in adults, and obesity is a major component of metabolic syndrome. In the study, conducted a prospective cohort study of participants who were asthma-free at baseline (n=23 191) in the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study from 1995 to 2008 to explore the associations of metabolic syndrome and its components with the cumulative incidence of asthma in adults, found that metabolic syndrome was a risk factor for incident asthma (adjusted OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.31 to 1.87). This association was consistent in sensitivity analyses using a stricter asthma definition (adjusted OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.79). Among the components of metabolic syndrome, two remained associated with incident asthma after mutual adjustment for the other metabolic components; high waist circumference (adjusted OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.36 to 1.94), and elevated glucose or diabetes (adjusted OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.04).Metabolic syndrome and two of its components (high waist circumference, and elevated glucose or diabetes) were associated with an increased risk of incident asthma in adults(2).

3. General and abdominal obesity and incident asthma in adults
Measures of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference define general obesity and abdominal obesity respectively. In the study to determine the association between BMI, waist circumference and incident asthma in adults, we conducted a prospective study (n=23,245) in a population living in Nord-Trøndelag, Norway in 1995-2008, showed that odds ratios for asthma associated with obesity were calculated using multivariable logistic regression. General obesity was a risk factor for asthma in females (OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.52-2.52) and males (OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.30-2.59). In females, after additional adjustment for BMI, abdominal obesity remained a risk factor for asthma development (OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.04-2.05). Abdominal obesity seems to increase the risk of incident asthma in females in addition to BMI, indicating that using both measures of BMI and waist circumference in females may be a superior clinical assessment for asthma risk than any measure alone(3).

4. Atopy, obesity, and asthma in adults
Obesity appears more strongly associated with asthma in women than in men. It is hypothesized that a stronger linkage of obesity with nonatopic asthma than with atopic asthma may explain the sex difference. In the study to examine the association between obesity and asthma in atopic and nonatopic people separately with a total of 1997 residents aged 18 to 79 years who participated in the 2003-2004 Humboldt study were included in the analysis, found that overall, 8% reported having asthma, 30% had atopic sensitization as determined by allergy skin tests, 31% reported a history of respiratory allergy, and 35% were obese defined as BMI equal to or larger than 30 kg/m(2). Compared to those with a BMI <25 kg/m(2), the odds ratio for asthma for the nonatopic subjects of those with a BMI of at least 30.0 kg/m(2) was 2.01 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.13, 3.59] after adjustment for sex and age. The association between obesity and asthma was not statistically significant in atopic subjects. The adjusted odds ratios for obesity versus normal weight were 2.56 (95% CI: 1.07, 6.12) and 1.76 (95% CI: 1.04, 3.01) for those without and with a history of respiratory allergy, respectively. The association of asthma with waist circumference was not statistically significant in all the subgroups defined by atopy and respiratory allergy. The data suggested a stronger association between obesity and asthma among nonatopic people than among atopic people(4).

5. Association of obesity in adults with allergic asthma
Obesity and asthma are diseases of high prevalence around the world. The increment in their incidence constitutes a challenge to public health. Asthma can be worse in patients with obesity. In the study to know the prevalence of obesity in a group of Mexican allergic asthmatic adults, showed that according to the BMI, 112 (70.9%) patients had a weight above normal; 76 (67.9%) were women and 36 (32.1%) were men. The highest number of patients with weight above normal corresponded to the overweight group. Mild persistent asthma presented in two-thirds of the patients with overweight and obesity. Women with overweight and obesity showed a higher severity of asthma than men. Women had more positive skin tests than men. Half of the patients had IgE levels above normal(5).

6. Childhood overweight/obesity and asthma
Asthma and overweight/obesity prevalence are both increasing worldwide. Overweight/obesity has been suggested as a risk factor for developing asthma. In the study to present and evaluate recent publications that help answer the question: "Is increased body weight (at least overweight status) related to asthma in children?, found that current evidence supports a weak yet significant association between high body weight and asthma. New information indicates that central obesity in children increases asthma risk. Also, the link between high body weight and asthma may be stronger in nonallergic asthma. There are mixed results about the importance of sex. Although the nature of the association between overweight/obese status and asthma remains unclear, prospective studies point that high body weight precedes asthma symptoms. These data add weight to the importance of preventing and treating a high body weight against asthma outcomes. Available research in children has not studied adequately the influence of weight change (either gain or loss) on asthma symptoms, an area of clinical importance. Beyond energy control, the role of diet as a possible inflammatory stimulus warrants further investigation(6).

7. Obesity and asthma: physiological perspective
Obesity induces some pertinent physiological changes which are conducive to either development of asthma or cause of poorly controlled asthma state. According to the study by the Chest Research Foundation, Marigold Complex, Kalyani Nagar, obesity related mechanical stress forces induced by abdominal and thoracic fat generate stiffening of the lungs and diaphragmatic movements to result in reduction of resting lung volumes such as functional residual capacity (FRC). Reduced FRC is primarily an outcome of decreased expiratory reserve volume, which pushes the tidal breathing more towards smaller high resistance airways, and consequentially results in expiratory flow limitation during normal breathing in obesity. Reduced FRC also induces plastic alteration in the small collapsible airways, which may generate smooth muscle contraction resulting in increased small airway resistance, which, however, is not picked up by spirometric lung volumes. There is also a possibility that chronically reduced FRC may generate permanent adaptation in the very small airways; therefore, the airway calibres may not change despite weight reduction. Obesity may also induce bronchodilator reversibility and diurnal lung functional variability. Obesity is also associated with airway hyperresponsiveness; however, the mechanism of this is not clear. Thus, obesity has effects on lung function that can generate respiratory distress similar to asthma and may also exaggerate the effects of preexisting asthma(7).

8. Childhood body mass index and subsequent physician-diagnosed asthma
In the study to examine the association between overweight/obesity, defined by body mass index (BMI) >18 years of age, and subsequent physician-diagnosed incident asthma at least one year after BMI assessment. We sought to explore potential effect modification by sex, found that six prospective cohort studies which focused on children >18 years of age met criteria for inclusion. The combined risk ratio (RR) of overweight was associated with asthma (RR = 1.35; 95% CI = 1.15, 1.58). In boys, the combined RR of overweight on asthma was significant (RR = 1.41; 95% CI = 1.05, 1.88). For girls, when BMI was defined by Z-score, the combined RR of overweight on asthma was also significant (RR = 1.19; 95% CI = 1.06, 1.34). The combined risk ratio (RR) of obesity was associated with asthma in both boys and girls (RR = 1.50; 95% CI = 1.22, 1.83), in boys only (RR = 1.40; 95% CI = 1.01, 1.93) and in girls only (RR = 1.53; 95% CI = 1.09, 2.14)(8).

9. Obesity and the risk of newly diagnosed asthma in school-age children
In the study to determine the relation between obesity and new-onset asthma among school-age children,  by examining longitudinal data from 3,792 participants in the Children's Health Study (Southern California) who were asthma-free at enrollment, showed that the risk of new-onset asthma was higher among children who were overweight (relative risk (RR) = 1.52, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.14, 2.03) or obese (RR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.08, 2.36). Boys had an increased risk associated with being overweight (RR = 2.06, 95% 1.33, 3.18) in comparison with girls (RR = 1.25, 95% CI: 0.83, 1.88). The effect of being overweight was greater in nonallergic children (RR = 1.77, 95% CI: 1.26, 2.49) than in allergic children (RR = 1.16, 95% CI: 0.63, 2.15). The authors conclude that being overweight is associated with an increased risk of new-onset asthma in boys and in nonallergic children(9).

10. The relation of body mass index to asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema
In the study to determine whether a relation of body mass index (BMI) to asthma, chronic bronchitis (CB), or emphysema exists (analysis 1), and, if so, whether the association between obesity and asthma is modified by gender (analysis 2), showed that adiagnosis of emphysema was significantly associated with a BMI < 18.5 (odds ratio [OR], 2.97; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.33 to 6.68, when compared to healthy control subjects). A BMI >/= 28 increased the risk of receiving a diagnosis of asthma (OR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.31 to 3.36) and CB (OR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.32 to 2.46). About 30% of the patients with asthma and 25% of the patients with CB (vs 16% of the control subjects, p < 0.001) were preobese or obese, regardless whether BMI was assessed before the diagnosis or before the onset of respiratory symptoms. The relation of elevated BMI to asthma was significant only among women(10).

11. The incidence of asthma in young adults
 In the study to determine the incidence of asthma and to establish the risk factors for the development of asthma in subjects who were 12 to 41 years old over an 8-year period, found that there is a continuing high incidence of asthma past childhood that is most pronounced among female subjects. Increasing levels of BMI are associated with a greater likelihood of developing asthma for both sexes. A substantial portion of cases of adult asthma is preceded by upper airway allergic symptoms and/or eczema, thus indicating a shared pathogenesis(11).

12. Risk factors for asthma in young adults
The liability to asthma is influenced both by genetic and environmental factors. In the study to identify risk factors for asthma in young adult twin pairs during an 8-year period, from the birth cohorts 1953-1982 of the Danish Twin Registry, 6,090 twin pairs who were initially unaffected with respect to asthma at a nationwide questionnaire-based study in 1994 participated in a similar follow-up study in 2002, showed that hay fever, eczema, female sex, exercise and increasing levels of BMI were risk factors for asthma in young adults. The different risk profile observed in MZ twins compared with DZ twins may reflect an underlying genetic vulnerability shared between those risk factors and asthma(12).

13. Simple obesity in children. A study on the role of nutritional factors
In the study to examine the effectiveness of dietary treatment in children with simple obesity on the basis of thorough analysis of their state of nutrition, method of nutrition and eating habits and the impact of other environmental factors,. found that
1) Simple obesity in children aged 3-15 yrs is connected with familial and environmental factors, including incorrect eating habits.
2) Dietary treatment consisting in the lowering of energetic value of the diet through the reduction of fat consumption and quantity and quality changes with respect to carbohydrates consumption decreased the children's obesity, and was more effective in the older age group (7-15 yrs). Dietary treatment normalizes the lipid profile in children.
3) Significant body mass loss has been observed in children in whose diet the amount of proteins and their share in the total energy value only slightly differs from the level before the dietary treatment. The amount of proteins in the children's diet was within the range of physiological recommendations(13).

14. Sleep duration, asthma and obesity
Obesity is more prevalent in asthmatics. Short sleep duration is a novel risk factor for obesity in general populations. In the study to test the association of sleep duration and asthma characteristics with obesity. Methods: Adults at tertiary clinics were surveyed on asthma symptoms and habitual sleep duration, indicated that obesity in asthmatics is associated with shorter and very long sleep duration, worse asthma severity, psychopathology, and high dose inhaled corticosteroids. Although this cross-sectional study cannot prove causality, we speculate that further investigation of sleep may provide new opportunities to reduce the rising prevalence of obesity among asthmatics(14).

15. The Effect of Obesity on the Level of Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide in Children with Asthma
In the study to to evaluate the association of FeNO with obesity and obesity-related metabolic complications in asthmatic and nonasthmatic children, included children aged between 6 and 17 years and consisted of 4 groups: obese asthmatics (n = 52), normal-weight asthmatics (n = 49), obese nonasthmatics (n = 51) and normal-weight nonasthmatics (n = 42), showed that the FeNO level of asthma patients with MS was not different from those without MS (14.5 ± 8.0 and 16.7 ± 8.7, respectively, p = 0.449). In the nonasthmatic group, subjects with MS had a higher FeNO level than subjects without MS (12.5 ± 5.1 and 17.3 ± 8.3, respectively, p = 0.014). Spearman's rank correlation coefficients revealed a positive correlation between FeNO and body mass index (BMI; p = 0.049, r²: 0.204) in the nonasthmatic group and after multivariate regression analysis, BMI still persisted as an independent risk factor for FeNO and conclude that a positive correlation between BMI and FeNO level which suggests a link between obesity and increased airway inflammation in nonasthmatic children(15).

16. The asthma phenotype in the obese
According to the study by the North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, asthma is a heterogenous disorder that can be classified into several different phenotypes. Recent cluster analyses have identified an "obese-asthma" phenotype which is characterized by late onset, female predominance and lack of atopy. In addition, obesity among early-onset asthmatics clearly exists and heightens the clinical presentation. Observational studies have demonstrated that asthma among the obese has a clinical presentation that is more severe, harder to control, and is not as responsive to standard controller therapies. While weight loss studies have demonstrated improvement in asthma outcomes, further studies need to be performed. The current knowledge of the existence of two obesity-asthma phenotypes (early- versus late-onset asthma) should encourage investigators to study these entities separately since just as they have distinct presentations, their course, response to therapies, and weight loss strategies may be different as well(16).

17. Differential epigenome-wide DNA methylation patterns in childhood obesity-associated asthma
In the study to examine the DNA methylation epigenome-wide in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 8 obese asthmatic pre-adolescent children and compare it to methylation in PBMCs from 8 children with asthma alone, obesity alone and healthy controls, showed that PBMCs from obese asthmatic children had distinctive DNA methylation patterns, with decreased promoter methylation of CCL5, IL2RA and TBX21, genes encoding proteins linked with Th1 polarization, and increased promoter methylation of FCER2, a low-affinity receptor for IgE, and of TGFB1, inhibitor of Th cell activation. T-cell signaling and macrophage activation were the two primary pathways that were selectively hypomethylated in obese asthmatics. These findings suggest that dysregulated DNA methylation is associated with non-atopic inflammation observed in pediatric obesity-associated asthma(17).

18. Obesity-associated asthma in children: a distinct entity
Obesity-associated asthma has been proposed to be a distinct entity, differing in immune pathogenesis from atopic asthma. Both obesity-mediated inflammation and increase in adiposity are potential mechanistic factors that are poorly defined among children.  In the study of recruited 120 children, with 30 in each of the four study groups: obese asthmatic children, nonobese asthmatic children, obese nonasthmatic children, and nonobese nonasthmatic children, showed that obese asthmatic children had significantly higher Th1 responses to PMA (P < .01) and tetanus toxoid (P < .05) and lower Th2 responses to PMA (P < .05) and D farinae (P < .01) compared with nonobese asthmatic children. Th-cell patterns did not differ between obese asthmatic children and obese nonasthmatic children. Obese asthmatic children had lower FEV(1)/FVC (P < .01) and residual volume/total lung capacity ratios (P < .005) compared with the other study groups, which negatively correlated with serum interferon-inducible protein 10 and IFN-γ levels, respectively. PFTs, however, did not correlate with BMI z score or waist to hip ratio(18).

19. Mitochondrial dysfunction in metabolic syndrome and asthma
According to the study by the CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biolog, severe asthma does not fell in the routine definition of asthma and requires alternative treatment strategies. It has been observed that asthma severity increases with higher body mass index. The obese-asthmatics, in general, have the features of metabolic syndrome and are progressively causing a significant burden for both developed and developing countries thanks to the westernization of the world. As most of the features of metabolic syndrome seem to be originated from central obesity, the underlying mechanisms for metabolic syndrome could help us to understand the pathobiology of obese-asthma condition. While mitochondrial dysfunction is the common factor for most of the risk factors of metabolic syndrome, such as central obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes, the involvement of mitochondria in obese-asthma pathogenesis seems to be important as mitochondrial dysfunction has recently been shown to be involved in airway epithelial injury and asthma pathogenesis(19).

20.  Emerging interface between metabolic syndrome and asthma
There is growing epidemiological evidence that obesity increases the risk of developing asthma. In some studies, insulin resistance or metabolic syndrome is a stronger risk factor than body mass. The obese-asthma subphenotype is marked by a paucity of inflammation but also by marked symptoms, poor response to glucocorticoids, and peripheral airway dysfunction. According to the study by the Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, there is growing evidence of the influence of hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin-like growth factors on airway structure and function. Also, studies from mouse models of asthma have highlighted the importance of nitric oxide-arginine metabolism abnormalities and oxonitrosative stress in lungs. Such changes are well established features of the metabolic syndrome and may represent an interface between these diseases that can be therapeutically targeted. Such therapies, including administration of l-arginine or statins, increasing endothelial nitric oxide synthase, or the use of arginase inhibitors, have been successful in experimental models but have not yet translated to the clinical arena(20).

Chinese Secrets to Fatty Liver and Obesity Reversal
A fabulous E book with Research based & Scientifically proven Efficacy To Treat Fatty Liver Diseases & Achieve Optimal Health & Loose Weight

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

Back to my home page http://thetruestoriesstories.blogspot.ca/
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24008330
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23845717
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22653771
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19437281
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24008025
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23260726
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23970905
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23941287
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12936895
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12377850
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15947304
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16409201
(13) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16733288
(14) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23923994
(15) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23921526
(16) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23878548
(17) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23857381
(18) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21980061
(19) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23840225
(20) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20656947

Contraception - Diaphragm or cap

 Posted by Chantel Martiromo,  Article By Kyle J. Norton

Diaphragm or cap is a type of contraceptive barrier-device, fitted inside the woman vagina, and covered with spermicide made of latex or silicone to prevent the possibility of pregnancy. The method has a failure rate of less 4% if used properly. The diaphragm must be inserted before having sex, and remain in the vagina for at least 6 hours after a man's last ejaculation. Make sure you have the correct size of diaphragm, if you are not sure, consult with your doctor.

Types diaphragm or cap
There are two types of device
1. Vagina diaphragm
It is used as a barrier between the vagina and the cervix canal. It is a circular rings ranged between 50-105 mm in diameter, fit perfectly in the vaginal cul-de-sac and cover the cervix, with the aim to kill the sperm before they can get through to the cervix.

2. Cervical diaphragm
The cervical diaphragm is a thimble shaped flexible cap made of latex and considered smaller than the vagina cap. The cap containing spermicide on the surface is placed on the cervix securely by preventing the sperm from getting through the cervix.

How to insert the diaphragm or cap
Before inserting the diaphragm, please make sure you have washed your hands to prevent any bacteria cause of infection or inflammation. After squeezing the ring into the oval shape and water-based lubricant is added, spreading 1tsp of spermicide around the edge and in the center before inserting. If you have intercourse again within the six hours, you must apply more spermicide.

The advantage of diaphragm or cap
1. Protect against sexual transmitting diseases
In a study of Cervical Barrier Advancement Society. July 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-22. researchers suggested that women provided with both male condoms and a diaphragm experienced the same rate of HIV infection as women provided with male condoms alone.

2. Reduce the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
In a report of "Barrier-method contraceptives and pelvic inflammatory disease". Journal of the American Medical Association by , Kelaghan; G. L. Rubin, H. W. Ory and P. M. Layde (July 1982). researchers suggest that diaphragms may lower the risk of PID.

3. Reduce the risk of cervical cancer caused by human papillomavirus (HPV)
Due to the present of the spermicide.

4. It is convenient and easier to use without the needs of recording and remembering.

5. It is considered cost effective if compared with other methods.

6. Women with history of repeated urinary tract infections may be excluded from the use of this method.

7. Etc

The disadvantage of diaphragm or cap
1. Some women may be allergic to latex

2. increased risk of urinary tract infection
In a study of Association between diaphragm use and urinary tract infection by Fihn S, Latham R, Roberts P, Running K, Stamm W. researcher found that diaphragm is associated to the increased risk of urinary tract infection.

3. If used improperly, it can increase the pressure to urethra, interfering with function of the bladder in emptying urine fully.

4. Increased risk of yeast infection, and bacterial vaginosis
Due to the present of the certain types of spermicide.

5. Etc.
Chinese Secrets to Fatty Liver and Obesity Reversal
A fabulous E book with Research based & Scientifically proven Efficacy To Treat Fatty Liver Diseases & Achieve Optimal Health & Loose Weight

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

Back to my home page http://thetruestoriesstories.blogspot.ca/

Contraception - Female Condom (Benidorm)

 Posted by Chantel Martiromo,  Article By Kyle J. Norton

Female Condom (Benidorm) is a sexual device of the women used as a sexual barrier during sexual intercourse with the purpose of preventing the possibility of pregnancy and reducing the risk of sexual transmitting diseases by blocking the sperm from entering the women's reproductive organs. The cost of female condom is considered more expensive than the male one, but it can be washed, disinfected and reused up to 7 cycles, according to WHO. There are many types of female condom, with sucessful rate in preventing unintentional pregnancy between 70 - 95% if used correctly.

Types of female condom
1. The FC Condom
The FC condom is made by polyurethane and is considered as unsafe of resuse, but in the report of . "Female condom re-use: assessing structural integrity after multiple wash, dry and re-lubrication cycles" by McIntyre J, Pettifor A, Rees VH (June 28–July 3, 1998) suggested thatthat "washing, drying and re-lubricating the female condom up to ten times does not significantly alter the structural integrity of the device. Further microbiological and virological tests are required before re-use of the female condom can be recommended.

2. FC2 condom
The Fc2 condom is considered cost effectiveness, as it can be reused in high number levels . In a study of Country-wide distribution of the nitrile female condom (FC2) in Brazil and South Africa: a cost-effectiveness analysis by Dowdy, DW; Sweat MD, Holtgrave DR. in 2006, researchers found that FC2 use would generate significant cost savings at all levels of implementation by preventing thousands of HIV infections and saving millions of dollars in health care costs.
Both the FC and FC2 female condoms are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

3. The VA w.o.w female Condom or The VA
The VA as it is named made by latesex with lubricant and has a V-shape frame outside and a sponge inside the closed end, which helps to connect it inside the vagina.

4. The party condom
It is This is a pair of panties with a condom hold by a sheath with lubricant inside and outside and considered as one the easiest use of female condom, worn by the woman as a panty during process of sexual intercourse. Some men consider it as sexual appealing. The panties can be washed and reuse, but the sheath needed to be changed after-use.

5. Path Women's Condom
Path Women's Condom designed by two PATH employees in 1996 is one of the easy to use, affordable, and more comfortable than a male condom by replacing the ring with four small dots of soft, absorbent foam adhered gently to the interior of the vagina, holding the condom securely in place and it is easy to be removed. At the end of the condom, it is ring to hold the condom together for easy inserting. After it is inserted, the ring is dissolved in less than one minute.


The advantage of female condom
1. Protecting against unintentional pregnancy the the failure rate of 5%, if used properly
2. Protecting against sexual transmitting diseases
3. Appealing to the male partner
4. safe for people who are allergic to rubber latex
5. No hormonal side effects
6. Cost effectiveness as it can be re-use
7. Some female condom may be sex attractiveness and appealing.
8. Etc.

The disadvantage of female condom
1. Rate of unintentional pregnancy if high, if used incorrectly.
2. The outer ring in some types of condom can interfere with the fore-place in some women.
3. It may be difficult to put it on for some women.
4. It is not as popular as male condom
5. Some types of condom may have sound affects
6. May be challenging and uncomfortable for couple not familiar to the product, as it is needed to insert into the vagina.
7. Some women consider the cost is higher than traditional male condom.
8. Etc.
Chinese Secrets to Fatty Liver and Obesity Reversal
A fabulous E book with Research based & Scientifically proven Efficacy To Treat Fatty Liver Diseases & Achieve Optimal Health & Loose Weight

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

Back to my home page http://thetruestoriesstories.blogspot.ca/

Contraception - Contraceptive Patch

   Posted by Chantel Martiromo,  Article By Kyle J. Norton

Contraceptive patch is a medical adhesive patch attached to the skin (abdomen, upper body, or buttocks) of a woman to prevent possibility of pregnancy by graduating releasing dose of synthetic estrogen and progesterone into bloodstream, similar to the oral combined contraceptive pill. In US , only one patch is approved, called Ortho Evra. You only need to change the patch every two weeks. The patch is considered as more convenient than the the pill.

How it works
1. Reduce the period blood flow
2. Reduce the bleeding by thinning the endometrial lining.
3. Reduce the period pain by inhibiting the hormone prostaglandins hormones that cause the uterine muscles spasm.
4. Reduce the bleeding of cysts and pelvic cavity because the Pill creates the pregnant-like state.
5. Suppress the estrogen that is needed to start a menstrual cycle.
6. Etc.

Symptoms, Risks and side effects
1. Blood clots
All hormonal methods of birth control pose a threat to normal blood flow.The contraceptive patch is no exception, it increases the risk of of blood clots in your legs or on the lung caused by estrogen in the pill that makes your blood thicker in the veins.

2. Stroke
Woman who uses the contraceptive patch may increase the risk of stroke caused by blockage of blood flow to the brain as resulting of high level of estrogen in the pill that reduces the oxygen transportation as the blood getting thicker.

3. Heart disease
Similar to the stroke, as our blood get thicker, your heart has to pump harder to provide oxygen for our body cells need causing hypertension. If the heart has to work that hard for a prolong period of time because of long term use of the contraceptive, it will be damaged causing heart disease.

4. Skin pigment
Some woman may experience increasing of pigmentation of skin that shows up in patchy and light brown area caused by estrogen in the patch.

5. Mood swing
Some women may experience mood swing while using the patch, it is caused by significant changes in your hormone levels affecting the chemicals that regulate mood such as level of estrogen and progesterone in the patch.

6. Bleeding and spotting
Bleeding and spotting when you are not scheduled to bleed and spotting, are very common in the first 6 months of continuous birth control patch, because your body has to take time to adjust to the change of hormone level. The longer you use the patch the lesser the bleeding and spotting.

7. Infertility
Some women after coming off the birth control patch and hope to get pregnant, they may be disappointed. Not only the effects of the contraceptive patch maybe needed sometime to wire off, our body may never be able to adjust, causing lost of period permanently.

8. Increase the size of fibroids
Contraceptive patch contains estrogen that promote the growth of fibroids. If you have fibroids and you want to use the patch, you should talk to your doctor first.

9. Etc.

The advantages of the contraceptive patch
1. Control unwanted pregnancy
It has a failure rate of 1%, if used properly.

2. Control menstrual cramps
It helps to inhibit the over production of prostaglandins which cause the muscles spam contraction of ovarian muscles resulting of less period pain and period flow.

3. Reducing the rate of reproductive organ diseases
Simliar to the oral contraceptive pill. the patch helps reduce the rate of ovarian and endometrial cancer, benign breast disease, benign ovarian cysts, pelvic inflammatory disease, because of stopping or reducing of period blood flow.

4. Shinking endometriosis
Endometrial implants, adhesion or cysts no longer active, because there are no substance to activate the menstrual cycle because of pregnancy like state that shrinks the endometriosis.

5. Anemia
Since anemia is a disease of iron deficiency, intake of the pill stops or reduces the period blood, there are less iron needed to be produced by the liver or other organs.

6. Etc.

The disadvantages of the contraceptive patch
1. Growth of fibroids
Fibroid starts from a single cell that grows abnormally. Fibroid occurs mostly in women after puberty and shrink after menopause. Growth of fibroid is caused high level of estrogen and progesterone. Using the contraceptive patch increases the level of both hormones resulting in increase the risk of the growth of fibroid.

2. Recurrent of menstrual symptoms
Some women who stop the patch, may see all the menstrual symptoms coming back.

3. Blood clots
Estrogen released causes blood getting thicker resulting in blood clots in the small vessels in the leg and the lung.

4. Stroke and heart diseases
Study shows that women who have higher natural estrogen levels may have a higher risk of stroke and heart diseases caused by estrogen in the patch that blocks that hormonal action in some parts of the body, while increasing its effects in the heart and others.

5. Hormonal imbalance
The contraceptive may influence the imbalance hormones of estrogen and progesterone. Normally, It requires six months for the body to adjust to the use of the patch.

6. Depression and mood swing
Using the patch in the beginning may cause abnormal fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone elevation both physical and psychological stress, eventually resulting in both depression and mood swing. If depression and mood swing continue over six months period, it is for your own good to talk to your doctor.

7.Infertility
Prolong use of the patch may cause loss of period in some women. Some women may take months or year to get their period back. resulting of infertility.

8. Bleeding and spotting
Bleeding and spotting is normal for the first six months for women started using the patch because our body needs time to adjust to the new medication.

9. Lost interest in sex
Women who use the contraceptive patch are in danger of permanently lost their interest in sex because it inhibits testosterone, the hormone that drives sexual desire even aftyer if they stop using the patch.


10. Nutritional deficiency
Contraceptive patch can causes vitamin and mineral imbalances or deficiencies. It depletes magnesium for healthy heart, coenzyme Q10 for healthy heart muscles, folic acid for preventing cervical abnormalities, vitamin B6, B2, B3, zinc, etc.

11. Etc.
Chinese Secrets to Fatty Liver and Obesity Reversal
A fabulous E book with Research based & Scientifically proven Efficacy To Treat Fatty Liver Diseases & Achieve Optimal Health & Loose Weight

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

Back to my home page http://thetruestoriesstories.blogspot.ca/

Contraception - The Coil (Intra-Uterine Device)

 Posted by Chantel Martiromo,  Article By Kyle J. Norton 

The Coil (Intra-Uterine Device) is type of birth control by placing a device into uterus to prevent pregnancy. There are many types of copper devices and one type of hormonal device.

A. Copper-intra-uterine device (Copper-IUD) -Paragard
In US, Paragard is only 1 type of copper-IUD available. It work by negatively affecting the mobility of sperm and preventing them from joining with an egg by releasing a small amount of copper which acts as a spermicide. The amount of copper released is less than the average of a daily diet intake. Paragard T-380A is a copper-IUD produced by Duramed Pharmaceuticals, in the United States, consisting a T-shaped flexible device wound with copper wire, along with two monofilament threads, in case the device has to be removed.

1. How Paragard T-380A is inserted
The device is inserted by your doctor in his/her office. You must make sure that you are not within a week of your period and your doctor may take your urine to rule out the possibility of pregnancy. Before proceeding with the insertion, your doctor must examine the internal uterus by taking bimanual examination to accurately determine the position, consistency, size, and mobility of the uterus. If there is no any abnormality, a speculum is used to hold the vagina open with the use antiseptic solution to prevent any infection, then the length of uterus is measured by either an endometrial aspirator or uterine sound and the IUD is placed in to the position, indicated by the endometrial aspirator or uterine sound.

2. The advantages of Paragard T-380A
a. Protection against pregnancy with failure rate of less than 2%
b. Reduces the risk ectopic pregnancy
c. The cost is less than other contraceptive methods in the long run
d. It is effective and safe for sexual active women without the needs of taking pill in the same time every day
e. Without interfering due to interruption of hormones production
f. Reduces the risks of oral contraceptive pill
g. Reduces the risk of for uterine cancer
h. No interfering with breast-feeding
i. Improves a woman's sex life
j. Can be removed if necessary
k. Privacy.
l. Etc.

3. The disadvantage of Paragard T-380A
a. Abdominal cramping, pain or spotting after insertion.
b. Does not provide protection against sexually transmitted infections.
c. Increased the risk of longer menstrual spotting and heavy bleeding.
d. Insertion is done by doctor, cost may be a concern in the short term
e. Some women may allergic to copper
f. Some spotting between periods
g. Partially or completely slip out of the uterus.
h. Etc.

B. The Hormonal-intra-uterine device (Hornomal-IUD) - Mirena
Mirena (levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system) is a soft, flexible T-shape IUD which is placed into a woman uterus by her doctor to prevent any unwanted pregnancy for up to 5 years by releasing a small amounts of hormone which less than the amount of oral contraceptive pill.
1. How Mirena is inserted
See above

2. The advantages of Mirena
a. Protection against pregnancy is less than 1%
b. The cost is less than other contraceptive methods in the long run
c. It is effective and safe for sexual active women without the needs of taking pill in the same time every day
d. Protect against pregnancy as soon as it's been put in
e. Improves a woman's sex life
f. Can be removed if necessary
g. Privacy
h. All the benefit of oral contraceptive pill
i. Etc.

3. The disadvantages of Mirena
a. Abdominal cramping, pain or spotting after insertion.
b. Periods over time may become shorter, lighter or even stop.
c. Increased the risk of longer menstrual spotting and heavy bleeding.
d. Insertion is done by doctor, cost may be a concern in the short term
e. Some women may allergic to copper
f. Some spotting between periods
g. Partially or completely slip out of the uterus.
h. Development of ovarian cysts.
i. Etc.
Since it releases hormone after inserting, it contains the risks and side effects as of oral contraceptive pill.
a. Nervous tension such as depression, nervousness, headache, etc.
b. Abdominal pain due to over reacting of the abdominal muscles
c. Nausea
d. Acne
e. Breast pain or tenderness.
f. Vaginal inflammation or discharge.
g. Weight gain.
h. Decreased sex drive
i. Etc.

Chinese Secrets to Fatty Liver and Obesity Reversal
A fabulous E book with Research based & Scientifically proven Efficacy To Treat Fatty Liver Diseases & Achieve Optimal Health & Loose Weight

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

Back to my home page http://thetruestoriesstories.blogspot.ca/

Contraception - Coitus Interruptus (Wihtdrawal Method)

   Posted by Chantel Martiromo,  Article By Kyle J. Norton

Coitus Interruptus is a method of birth-control in which a man penis is withdrawn from the female partner's vagina prior to ejaculation. This may work to prevent the possibility of pregnancy if used properly with the help of the experts.
In some studies, researchers found that the method has an over 15% of failure rate. Others suggested that the failure rate is the same as using the condom.
Unfortunately, due to in-prosperity in some parts of the world, the method is used with over 3% of the world population with the Western Asia accounted for over 15% in all cases. Some experts suggested that he risk of failure can be reduced to less than 4%, if used correctly.

The advantage of Coitus Interruptus
1. No requirement of knowledge of contraception, everyone can use it.
2. Cost no money, especially the cost of contraceptive devices is expensive in certain countries.
3. Without causing hormones related health issues, such as nervous tension causes of mood swing, repression, weight gain. etc.
4. No physical side effects, such as damage to the uterus.
5. Can be learned with or without medical consultant.
6. In some studies of fluid discharged prior to ejaculation, researchers found that there is as yet no objective evidence that there are any viable sperms in the fluid.
7. Etc.

The disadvantage of Coitus Interruptus.
1. The risk of failure is high compared with other methods
2. Expensive in case of abortion is needed due to unwanted pregnancy.
3. Risk of sexual transmitting diseases.
4. Can increase the risk of infection to the female partner as pre-withdrawal increases the risk of bacteria invasion.
5. Interruption during sexual intercourse may cause frustration of both partner
6. Increased the risk of premature ejaculation or erected dysfunction, according to some experts. 7. Some experts believe that the possibility of pregnancy is caused by sperm in the pre-seminal fluid.
8. Etc.
Chinese Secrets to Fatty Liver and Obesity Reversal
A fabulous E book with Research based & Scientifically proven Efficacy To Treat Fatty Liver Diseases & Achieve Optimal Health & Loose Weight

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

Back to my home page http://thetruestoriesstories.blogspot.ca/

Contraception - Rhythm Method (Calendar-Based Contraceptive Method)

  Posted by Chantel Martiromo,  Article By Kyle J. Norton

Rhythm Method is the method use by couple to prevent possibility of pregnancy by abstaining from sexual intercourse on the day around ovulation. The method is only effective if the woman have regular menstrual cycle, otherwise, it is tough for any woman as she needs to record changes of the cervical mucus and take the basal body temperature every day before she gets out of bed to predict the days of ovulation. Most couple only use condom in the days around ovulation if they want to have sex. the rhythm method is only effective if you know how to use it correctly or with the help of professionals in your local clinic or your doctor.

Types of Rhythm method1. Standard days method
Standard days method developed by Georgetown University's Institute for Reproductive Health, is one of more effective than other rhythm methods. The Standard Days Method may only be used by women whose cycles are always between 26 and 32 days.
1. Days 1-7 of a woman's menstrual cycle are considered infertile
2. Days 8-19 are considered fertile
3. From Day 20, are consider infertile.
The day of bleeding is considered a first day of the menstrual cycle.
The university also developed a product called CycleBeads, to help the user keeping track of estimated high and low fertility points of her menstrual cycle. The standard method has a successful rate of 95%.

2. Knaus–Ogino method
a. The Knaus-Ogino helps women to estimate the length of the pre-ovulatory infertile phase by subtracting 19 from the shortest menstrual cycle.
b. and the estimation of the start of the post-ovulatory infertile phase, by subtracting 10 from the longest menstrual cycle.
Example, if a woman has a shortest menstrual cycle of 28 and longest of 35 then
a. The pre-ovulatory infertile phrase is 28-19= 09 days (1-9 day)
b. The post-ovulatory infertile phrase is 35-10=25 days (10-25 day)
c. The fertile phrase is 10-24 days (26 -the last day before bleeding start)
The standard method has a successful rate of 91%.

3. Etc.

Risk of pregnancy
1. When used to prevent pregnancy, the rhythm method has a successful rate of 95 % per year.
2. When used incorrectly, the rhythm method has a successful rate of 75 % per year.

The advantage of rhythm method
1. Completely safe if used correctly, if the sperm is abstained from the egg, there is no way the egg can be fertilized.
2. Post no health risk as no device is inserted in the womb and no medicine needed.
3. No long term affects in fertility as the use of other contraceptive method.
4. Cost is about buying a kit every month or no cost at all if the woman is an expert.
5. Etc.

The disadvantage of rhythm method
1. Time consuming, a woman needs to remember to take her basal temperature every morning when she gets off the bed and records it.
2. Need to understand the how the rhythm method work. Use incorrectly can increase the risk of possibility of pregnancy by 3 fold.
3. Not suitable for teen and sexual active women
4. It is tough for women with irregular menstrual cycle
5. Some experts suggested that rhythm method increases the risk of miscarriage and birth defects due to aged gametes at the time of conception but according to the study of Effects of timing of conception on birth weight and preterm delivery of natural family planning users by M. Barbato, A. Bitto, R.H. Gray, J.L. Simpson, J.T. Queenan, R.T. Kambic, A. Perez, P. Mena, F. Pardo and W. Stevenson, et al., reseachers found that the timing of conception vis à vis ovulation does not exert significant effects on the birth weight or preterm delivery of resulting pregnancies, a reassuring finding for NFP users
6. Etc.

Chinese Secrets to Fatty Liver and Obesity Reversal
A fabulous E book with Research based & Scientifically proven Efficacy To Treat Fatty Liver Diseases & Achieve Optimal Health & Loose Weight

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

Back to my home page http://thetruestoriesstories.blogspot.ca/