The Effects of Coffee Intake on The Prevalent Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome

Moderate intake of coffee daily and regularly may have a therapeutic effect in reduced risk and treatment of metabolic syndrome, some scientists suggested.

Coffee, second to green tea, is a popular and social beverage made from roast bean from the Coffea plant, native to tropical Africa and Madagascar.

According to epidemiological studies, drinking coffee daily has a strong implication in numbers of health benefits, including cancers(1), neurodegenerative diseases(2) and heart diseases(3), diabetes(4),......

Some researchers also showed that intake of coffee beverage may prevent premature death and reduce mortality(5).

Metabolic Syndrome is a group of risk factors associated with the development of cardiovascular disease and types 2 diabetes, including high blood pressure, abnormally high blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels,.....

Although the exact causes of the syndrome are still under-investigated, some researchers suggested that overweight or obesity-induced insulin resistance and inactivity are associated with a closed link to conditions of metabolic syndrome.

Other researchers postulated that metabolic syndrome may be an underlying disorder of energy utilization and storage.

In fact, metabolic syndrome also correlates to numbers of a marker of systemic inflammation, including increased levels of C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and others...

Levels of C-reactive protein is considered as a biomarker of systematic inflammation.

Fibrinogen is a glycoprotein circulated in the blood with coagulated function involving early phase tissue damage or injury.

Hyperfibrinogenemia may be considered a component of the metabolic syndrome.

Interleukin 6 is a proinflammatory cytokine produced at the site of inflammation, particularly in the acute phase of infection. Targeting Interleukin 6 may be considered as an effective prevention and treatment of models of chronic inflammatory diseases.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) plays a key role in systemic inflammation and the acute phase reaction.

In obese patients, the proinflammatory cytokine is also associated to insulin resistance and metabolic abnormalities.

Dr. Marsland AL, the lead author after examining the results of the experiment of 645 community volunteers aged 30 to 54 year.in the study of "Systemic inflammation and the metabolic syndrome among middle-aged community volunteers" said, "Inflammation was positively associated with this common factor, accounting for 54% of its variance and partially mediating statistical aggregation of the component factors comprising the metabolic syndrome".

These results also provided a strong argument of including markers of systemic inflammation in the definition of the syndrome and its role in the induction of pathogenesis.


Furthermore, according to the searching of database from f PubMed and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) for relevant articles published between 1 January 1999 and 31 May 2015, including 11 published reports and 13 studies with a total of 159,805 participants were eligible for our meta-analysis, the relative odd risk ratio of metabolic syndrome between the highest vs lowest category of coffee consumption was 0.872

The review also observed a nonlinear relationship between coffee and coffee caffeine consumption in ameliorated risk of metabolic syndrome, by dose-response analysis.

Additionally, in a cross-sectional population-based survey of 8,821 adults (51.4% female) conducted in Krakow, Poland. to evaluate the coffee and tea consumption and risk of metabolic syndrome, using food frequency questionnaires, observation of the questionnaire returned from participants expressed an interesting association between high coffee consumption of 3 cups and the clusters of lower BMI, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, and higher HDL cholesterol than those drinking less than 1 cup/day.

The study apparently indicated that people drinking 3 cups of coffee daily and regularly have a favorably ameliorated risk of metabolic syndrome even after adjusting for potential confounding factors.

More importantly, the study also pointed out that high coffee consumption was negatively associated with waist circumference, hypertension, and triglycerides in women but not in men.

Interestingly, in animal evaluation of the effect of coffee drinking on clinical markers of diabetes and metabolic syndrome in Zucker rats including Diabetic Zucker rats with metabolic syndrome and control Zucker rats, researchers at the Fluminense Federal Institute found that after animals received daily doses of coffee drink by gavage for 30 days, coffee treated group expresses a decreased risk of metabolic syndrome through reduced serum glucose, total cholesterol, and triglycerides in compared to non treatment group.

Dr. Abrahão SA, the lead researchers said, "The results demonstrate that treatment with roasted coffee drink, because of its hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect, is efficient in the protection of animals with metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus type 2".

The findings from the above studies suggested that coffee and coffee caffeine drinking daily and regularly have a favorably profound effect in inhibited risk of metabolic syndrome, particularly in women.


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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrients, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blog, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Coffee and cancer risk, epidemiological evidence, and molecular mechanisms by Bøhn SK1, Blomhoff R, Paur I(PubMed)
(2) Coffee consumption and incident dementia by Mirza SS1, Tiemeier H, de Bruijn RF, Hofman A, Franco OH, Kiefte-de Jong J, Koudstaal PJ, Ikram MA(PubMed)
(3) Long-term coffee consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies by Ding M1, Bhupathiraju SN, Satija A, van Dam RM, Hu FB(PubMed)
(4) Coffee and caffeine intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of prospective studies by Jiang X1, Zhang D, Jiang W.(PubMed)
(5) Coffee Drinking and Mortality in 10 European Countries: A Multinational Cohort Study by Marc J. Gunter, PhD *; Neil Murphy, PhD *; Amanda J. Cross, PhD; Laure Dossus, PhD; Laureen Dartois, PhD; Guy Fagherazzi, PhD; Rudolf Kaaks, PhD; Tilman Kühn, PhD; Heiner Boeing, PhD; Krasimira Aleksandrova, PhD; Anne Tjønneland, MD, PhD; Anja Olsen, PhD; Kim Overvad, MD, PhD; Sofus Christian Larsen, PhD; Maria Luisa Redondo Cornejo, PhD; Antonio Agudo, PhD; María José Sánchez Pérez, MD, PhD; Jone M. Altzibar, PhD; Carmen Navarro, MD, PhD; Eva Ardanaz, MD, PhD; Kay-Tee Khaw, MB BChir; Adam Butterworth, PhD; Kathryn E. Bradbury, PhD; Antonia Trichopoulou, MD, PhD; Pagona Lagiou, MD, PhD; Dimitrios Trichopoulos, MD, PhD †; Domenico Palli, MD; Sara Grioni, BSc; Paolo Vineis, MD, MPH; Salvatore Panico, MD, MSc; Rosario Tumino, MD; Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita, MD, PhD; Peter Siersema, MD, PhD; Max Leenders, PhD; Joline W.J. Beulens, PhD; Cuno U. Uiterwaal, MD, PhD; Peter Wallström, MD, PhD; Lena Maria Nilsson, PhD; Rikard Landberg, PhD; Elisabete Weiderpass, MD, PhD; Guri Skeie, PhD; Tonje Braaten, PhD; Paul Brennan, PhD; Idlir Licaj, PhD; David C. Muller, PhD; Rashmi Sinha, PhD; Nick Wareham, PhD, MBBS; Elio Riboli, MD, ScM(Annals of Internal Medicine)
(6) Coffee consumption and risk of the metabolic syndrome: A meta-analysis by Shang F1, Li X1, Jiang X2.(PubMed)
(7) Association of daily coffee and tea consumption and metabolic syndrome: results from the Polish arm of the HAPIEE study by Grosso G1,2, Stepaniak U3, Micek A3, Topor-Mądry R3, Pikhart H4, Szafraniec K3, Pająk A3. (PubMed)
(8) Systemic inflammation and the metabolic syndrome among middle-aged community volunteers by Marsland AL1, McCaffery JM, Muldoon MF, Manuck SB(PubMed)