The Pro and Con of Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) on Prostate Cancer, Scientists Reveal

Vitamin B2 also known as Riboflavin, is a water-soluble, yellow-orange organic compound found abundantly in milk, meat, eggs, nuts, enriched flour, green vegetables, etc.

The vitamin is essential for normal cellular growth and function.

The vitamin is also best known for converting energy from protein, fat, and carbohydrates during metabolism and its antioxidant effects in oxidation-reduction reactions.

Prostate cancer is a medical condition characterized by prostate cells grow uncontrollably and disorderly.

At the late stage, the prostate cancerous cell can travel a distance away from the prostate to infect other healthy organs and tissue.

Most prostate cancers are slow growing and enlarged prostate and prostate cancer may be detected during physical (rectum) exams.

Epidemiological studies, linking vitamin B2 in reduced risk of prostate cancer have produced inconsistent results.

The Pro
Luckily, in the study of Cancer Research and Product Development Laboratory, Immunol Ltd, active mixture AM: L-arginine, L-histidine, L-methionine, L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, L-tryptophan, L-ascorbate, D-biotin, pyridoxine, riboflavin, adenine, L(-)malate), induced apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway and G1 arrest in PC-3 cells and in PC-3 xenografts(3).

Also, in the interaction of interaction between β-cyclodextrin (βCD) or hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) and riboflavin(RF) indicated that both RF-βCD and RF-HPβCD complexes were cytotoxic to PC3 prostate cancer cells(4).

Other researchers suggested that there is a weak association between prostate cancer incidence and dietary intake of riboflavin and between riboflavin intake and prostate cancer mortality(5).

But in the study of the role of diet in prostate cancer, researchers suggested that intake of linoleic acid and riboflavin (in subjects 50 years and over) could be protective when compared with control subjects(10).

In the study of the effects of irradiated riboflavin on androgen-independent human, by Universidade Estadual de Campinas, researchers showed that riboflavin photoproducts are cytotoxic to these cells in a FasL-Fas-dependent manner, through inhibited matrix-degrading proteases(involved both the process of ECM remodeling and angiogenesis, and in a potential causal relationship between these processes) caused downregulation of VEGF(vascular endothelial growth factor ) and upregulation of TIMP1(inhibitor of metalloproteinases)(9).


The Con
Overexpression of riboflavin carrier protein (RCP) in the prostate cancer patient may be used as a marker in -targeted diagnosis and for the assessment of vascular metabolism in tumors(6).

In localized both androgen-dependent and independent prostate cancer cell lines, antibodies to chicken RCP inhibited incorporation of tritiated thymidine into DNA and prevented riboflavin uptake in PC3 prostate cancer cells(7).

Other suggestion of elevated plasma concentrations of choline and vitamin B2 may be associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer(8).
In prostate cancer cell line cancer (LnCap), vitamin B2 intakes were not associated with prostate cancer survival(1)

And dietary supplements, including vitamin B2 effective treatments for PC patients, is not supported by sound clinical evidence(2).

Taking all together, vitamin B2 may be considered as a vital component of any treatment plan instead of sole mean for prevention and treatment in prostate cancer patients.

Overdoses of vitamin B2 may cause symptoms of skin rashes, hypersensitivity, high blood pressure etc...


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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.



References
(1) One-carbon metabolism-related nutrients and prostate cancer survival by Kasperzyk JL, Fall K, Mucci LA, Håkansson N, Wolk A, Johansson JE, Andersson SO, Andrén O(PubMed)
(2) Dietary supplements and prostate cancer: a systematic review of double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised clinical trials by Posadzki P, Lee MS, Onakpoya I, Lee HW, Ko BS, Ernst E.(PubMed)
(3) A mixture of amino acids and other small molecules present in the serum suppresses the growth of murine and human tumors in vivo by Kulcsár G, Gaál D, Kulcsár PI, Schulcz Á, Czömpöly T(PubMed)
(4) Non-inclusion complexes between riboflavin and cyclodextrins by de Jesus MB, Fraceto LF, Martini MF, Pickholz M, Ferreira CV, de Paula E(PubMed)
(5) Dietary intake of B vitamins and methionine and prostate cancerincidence and mortality by Bassett JK, Severi G, Hodge AM, Baglietto L, Hopper JL, English DR, Giles GG.(PubMed)
(6) Riboflavin carrier protein-targeted fluorescent USPIO for the assessment of vascular metabolism in tumors by Jayapaul J, Arns S, Lederle W, Lammers T, Comba P, Gätjens J, Kiessling F(PubMed)
(7) Biochemical characterization of riboflavin carrier protein (RCP) in prostate cancer by Johnson T, Ouhtit A, Gaur R, Fernando A, Schwarzenberger P, Su J, Ismail MF, El-Sayyad HI, Karande A, Elmageed ZA, Rao P, Raj M(PubMed)
(8) One-carbon metabolism and prostate cancer risk: prospective investigation of seven circulating B vitamins and metabolites by Johansson M, Van Guelpen B, Vollset SE, Hultdin J, Bergh A, Key T, Midttun O, Hallmans G, Ueland PM, Stattin P(PubMed)
(9) A possible anti-proliferative and anti-metastatic effect of irradiated riboflavin in solid tumours by de Souza Queiroz KC, Zambuzzi WF, Santos de Souza AC, da Silva RA, Machado D, Justo GZ, Carvalho HF, Peppelenbosch MP, Ferreira C(PubMed)
(10) The role of diet in prostate cancer by Kaul L, Heshmat MY, Kovi J, Jackson MA, Jackson AG, Jones GW, Edson M, Enterline JP, Worrell RG, Perry SL(PubMed)