Women and Osteoporosis - The Treatments

 Posted by Chantel Martiromo,  Article By Kyle J. Norton 

Osteoporosis is defined as a condition in which the bone minerals density including calcium, is deteriorate with the amounts of protein in the bone is alter,that lead to bone weakening, causing the increased risk of fracture. In women, osteoporosis happens in the stage of menopause, as the result of the reduction of hormones which protects the bones from calcium and are at increased risk bone fracture related to osteoporosis. In the US, more than 24 million women in the United States are affected by this disease.
Treatments
The main objective of the treatments is to prevent or reduce bone fractures and maintain or increase bone density
1. Hormone-replacement therapies (HRTs)
a. Hormone-replacement therapies (HRTs) are used to prevent the symptoms caused by diminished circulating estrogen and progesterone hormones for women in the stage of menopause and peri-menopause and have an effect in reduce bone loss when are used.
b. Risks and side effects
b.1. Thrombophlebitis
b.2. Pulmonary embolism
b.3. Heart disease
b.4. Strokes
b.5. Breast cancer
b.6. Endometrial cancer
b.7. Etc

2. Bisphosphonates
a. Bisphosphonates are a group of drugs that are used to prevent the loss of bone mass and to treat osteoporosis by reducing the risk of osteoporotic fracture in those who have had previous fractures, but not those who have not previously had a fracture, including alendronate, etidronate, risedronate, zoledronic acid, etc. Avvording to the study of Risedronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women by
George A Wells, Ann Cranney, Joan Peterson, Michel Boucher, Beverley Shea, Vivian Welch, Doug Coyle, Peter Tugwell.
b. Risks and side effects
b.1. Upset Stomach
b.2. Esophogeal Inflammation
b.3. Unusual femur fractures
b.4. Bone, Joint, and Muscle Pain
b.5. Etc.

3. Calcitonin
a. Calcitonin, a hormone produced by the thyroid gland in our body belonging to belongs to the calcitonin-like protein family, can help to reduce blood calcium and strengthen bone by inhibiting umbilical absorption by the intestines and osteoclast activity in bones, according to the report of Sect. 5, Ch. 6: Effects of CT on the Small Intestine". Medical College of Georgia. Retrieved 2008-08-07.
b. Risks and side effects
b.1. Runny nose
b.2. Sores, or
b.3. Redness.
b.4. Nose bleeding
b.5. Swelling
b.6. Etc.

4. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)
a. Selective estrogen receptor modulators are a group of compounds that act on the estrogen receptor, including lasofoxifene, femarelle, raloxifene, etc.. Most SERMs used to treat postmenopausal osteoporosis with a favorably respond and may be used as replacements for hormone replacement therapy (HRT).
b. Risks and side effects
1. Uterine cancer
2. Blood clots
3. Endometrial cancer and
4. Stroke
5. Dizziness
6. Severe headaches
7. Hot flashes
8. Fatigue
9. Mood swings
10. Etc.

5. Denosumab
a. Denosumab, a medicine manufactured by Amgen is given as an injection and used to treat osteoporosis to induce bone loss, bone metastases, rheumatoid arthritis, etc. according to the study of Denosumab in Postmenopausal Women with Low Bone Mineral Density by
Michael R. McClung, M.D., E. Michael Lewiecki, M.D., Stanley B. Cohen, M.D.,Michael A. Bolognese, M.D., Grattan C. Woodson, M.D., Alfred H. Moffett, M.D.,Munro Peacock, M.D., Paul D. Miller, M.D., Samuel N. Lederman, M.D.,Charles H. Chesnut, M.D., Douglas Lain, M.D., Alan J. Kivitz, M.D.,Donna L. Holloway, Ph.D., Charlie Zhang, Ph.D., Mark C. Peterson, Ph.D.,and Pirow J. Bekker, M.D., Ph.D., for the AMG 162 Bone Loss Study Group.
b. Risks and side effects
b.1. Persistent, or severe infection
b.2. Spasms
b.3. Nervous tension such as depression, confusion and irritability
b.4. Arrhythmia
b.5. Unexplained swelling
b.6. Difficult breathing
b.7. Etc.
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