Inflammation is a natural response of the human body against the foreign pathogens and stimuli that progress through many phases.
In the acute phase of infection, the immune white blood cells in the first line of defense stimulating the blood vessel constriction and palette accumulated to the injury area to cover the wound and the proteins associated to the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines to kill off the invasive microorganisms.
In people with a strong immune system, during the acute phase of infection, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines are balanced by the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines without affecting the immune activity.
However, in children, elderly and people with the weakened immune system, overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines can damage the nearby cells and tissue, leading to the formation of scars.
Chronic inflammation is a medical disease caused by the immune inability to destroy the invaders in the acute phase of infection, leading to the immune system in the adaption of the change.
Over time, chronic inflammation can have a strongly negative impact on the affected tissues and organs.
Other causes of chronic inflammation also include an autoimmune disorder, in which the immune system mistakenly attacking healthy tissue and long-term exposure to irritants, such as industrial chemicals or polluted air.
People with chronic inflammatory diseases such as "Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with accelerated vascular risk resulting in an increased prevalence of CAD with attendant early mortality and excess morbidity" Dr, Abou-Raya S and colleagues at the University of Alexandria, Alexandria, wrote, " The implication is that inflammation may be the central link between the chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorders and atherosclerosis".
Burdock is a plant in the group of biennial thistles, genus Arctium, belonging to the family Asteraceae, native to the Euro. It has been used over thousands of years in China and other traditional herbal medicine as a diuretic, diaphoretic, and a blood purifying agent and to treat wounds and infections stomach ulcers and other digestive problems.
The ingredients of herbal Burdock include carbonated water, sugar,, manloid colorings, phosphoric acid, citric acid and a good amount of dietary fiber, calcium, potassium, and amino acids and chemicals compounds of guaianolide, arctinone, arctinal, methyl arctate，11-tridecadien-3，5，7，9-tetraynde-hydrocostus lactone，dehydrodihydrocostus lactone, 3-octenoic acid, 3-hexenoic acid, etc.
With an aim to find a natural ingredient for the treatment of atopic dermatitis is a chronic, allergic inflammatory skin disease, researchers examined whether a butanol extract of A. lappa (ALBE) had previously unreported anti-allergic or anti-inflammatory effects.
On ConA-treated primary murine splenocytes, ALBE demonstrated significant inhibition of β-hexosaminidase release in RBL-2H3 cells by suppressing the mRNA expression in transmitting information between cells associated to the β-hexosaminidase release and proteins involved the production of inflammatory cytokines.
ALBE (100 μg/mL) suppressed not only the protein complex associated with transcription of DNA, cytokine production but also the pathway involved the regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in Concanavalin A (ConA) treated primary splenocytes.
Where Concanavalin-A is a lectin used in the experiment to trigger inflammatory responses.
Furthermore, in an experimental colitis model induced by 2,4,6 trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, researchers evaluated ONP fraction (25 and 50 mg/kg/day) orally administered 48, 24 and 1 h prior to the induction of colitis and 24 h after.
Before application of ONP, TNBS treatment group showed an increased colonic wall thickness, edema, diffuse inflammatory cell infiltration, observed by the increased production of inflammatory cytokines and enzymes.
Contrarily, ONP fraction (25 and 50 mg/kg) treatment significantly reduced the macroscopic inflammation scores (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively) and morphological alterations associated with an increase in the mucus secretion.
Injection of ONP fraction at 25 and 50 mg/kg also expressed significantly reduced levels of neutrophil infiltration and the cytokines, through their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.
Compared to COX-2 overexpression of inflammation and pain in TNBS-treated rats, ONP fraction (50 mg/kg) administration reduced COX-2 overexpression.
The findings suggested that herbal Burdock fraction obtained from Arctium lappa processed gastrointestinal protective effects against acute colitis.
Taken altogether, herbal Burdock may be considered a functional herb for the prevention and combined with the primary medicine for the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
References
(1) Anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory effects of butanol extract from Arctium Lappa L.
Sohn EH, Jang SA, Joo H, Park S, Kang SC, Lee CH, Kim SY.(PubMed)
(2) Anti-inflammatory intestinal activity of Arctium lappa L. (Asteraceae) in TNBS colitis model. by de Almeida AB, Sánchez-Hidalgo M, Martín AR, Luiz-Ferreira A, Trigo JR, Vilegas W, dos Santos LC, Souza-Brito AR, de la Lastra CA.(PubMed)
(3) In vitro anti-inflammatory effects of arctigenin, a lignan from Arctium lappa L., through inhibition on iNOS pathway by Zhao F, Wang L, Liu K.(PubMed)
(4) Chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorders and atherosclerosis by Abou-Raya S1, Abou-Raya A, Naim A, Abuelkheir H. (PubMed)
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