Cruciferous vegetables and Cervical Cancer

 Posted by Chantel Martiromo  

Cervical cancer is malignant neoplasm of the cervix uteri or cervical area caused by abnormal cells growth with alternation of cells DNA. According to the American Cancer Society's, in 2014, 12,360 new cases of invasive cervical cancer will be diagnosed with the death of  4,020 patients. The risk of cervical cancer is higher in Hispanic women followed by African-Americans, Asians and Pacific Islanders, and whites(a).
Depending to the stage and grade of the cancer, if the cancer is found in the early stahe, hysterectomy may not be needed. Other while  after sugery, chemotherapy including Cisplatin, Fluorouracil (5-FU), Mitomycin, Paclitaxel, Ifosfamide, Carboplatin, Bevacizumab and radiotherapy may be necesary, but with certain side effects. Emerging suggestion of a healthy and balanced diet to improve high serum levels of antioxidants may reduce cervical neoplasia risk(b)(c)  but other suggested that the role of diet and nutrition in the etiology of cervical cancer is not yet resolved(d) and Catalan Institute of Oncology study showed statistically nonsignificant inverse associations were also observed for leafy vegetables, root vegetables, garlic and onions, citrus fruits, vitamin C, vitamin E and retinol for invasive squamous cervical cancer (ISC)(e).
Cruciferous vegetables are the group of vegetables belonging to the family Brassicaceae, including cauliflower, cabbage, cress, bok choy, broccoli etc.
Isothiocyanates, a major chemical constituent found in Cruciferous vegetables, inhibited the cell viability of human cervical cancer cells, through improvement of antioxidant status(1). β-Phenylethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC). induced apoptosis to inhibit cell proliferation in human cervical cancer cell lines (HEp-2 and KB), through increased the expression of the death receptors (DR4 and DR5) and cleaved caspase-3(2).  Other chemical compounds,  I3C (indole-3-carbinol) and DIM (diindolylmethane) found in all types of cruciferous vegetables, demonstrated exceptional anti-cancer effects against hormone responsive cancers such as ovarian cancers(3). Some researchers suggested that isothiocyanates and indoles through intake of cruciferous vegetable may decrease cancer risk, but the protective effects may be influenced by individual genetic variation (polymorphisms) in the metabolism and elimination of isothiocyanates from the body and in some in instances, long term exposure to sulforaphane and indole-3-carbinol (I3C), may be implicated in a variety of anticarcinogenic mechanisms(4).
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References
(a) Cerical cancer (Amerrican cancer society)
(b) Diet and serum micronutrients in relation to cervical neoplasia and cancer among low-income Brazilian women by Tomita LY¹, Longatto Filho A, Costa MC, Andreoli MA, Villa LL, Franco EL, Cardoso MA; Brazilian Investigation into Nutrition and Cervical Cancer Prevention (BRINCA) Study Team.(PubMed)
(c) Associations of dietary dark-green and deep-yellow vegetables and fruits with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: modification by smoking by Tomita LY¹, Roteli-Martins CM, Villa LL, Franco EL, Cardoso MA; BRINCA Study Team.(PubMed)
(d) Diet and the risk of in situ cervical cancer among white women in the United States by Ziegler RG¹, Jones CJ, Brinton LA, Norman SA, Mallin K, Levine RS, Lehman HF, Hamman RF, Trumble AC, Rosenthal JF, et al.(PubMed)
(e) Dietary factors and in situ and invasive cervical cancer risk in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition study by González CA¹, Travier N, Luján-Barroso L, Castellsagué X, Bosch FX, Roura E, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Palli D, Boeing H, Pala V, Sacerdote C, Tumino R, Panico S, Manjer J, Dillner J, Hallmans G, Kjellberg L, Sanchez MJ, Altzibar JM, Barricarte A, Navarro C, Rodriguez L, Allen N, Key TJ, Kaaks R, Rohrmann S, Overvad K, Olsen A, Tjønneland A, Munk C, Kjaer SK, Peeters PH, van Duijnhoven FJ, Clavel-Chapelon F, Boutron-Ruault MC, Trichopoulou A, Benetou V, Naska A, Lund E, Engeset D, Skeie G, Franceschi S, Slimani N, Rinaldi S, Riboli E.(PubMed)
(1) The anti-oxidant properties of isothiocyanates: a review by de Figueiredo SM¹, Filho SA, Nogueira-Machado JA, Caligiorne RB.(PubMed)
(2) Effect of β-phenylethyl isothiocyanate from cruciferous vegetables on growth inhibition and apoptosis of cervical cancer cells through the induction of death receptors 4 and 5 by Huong le D¹, Shim JH, Choi KH, Shin JA, Choi ES, Kim HS, Lee SJ, Kim SJ, Cho NP, Cho SD(PubMed)
(3) Chemopreventive properties of indole-3-carbinol, diindolylmethane and other constituents of cardamom against carcinogenesis by Acharya A¹, Das I, Singh S, Saha T.(PubMed)
(4) Cruciferous vegetables and human cancer risk: epidemiologic evidence and mechanistic basis by Higdon JV¹, Delage B, Williams DE, Dashwood RH.(PubMed)