Endometriosis: The Effects of Vitamin K

Posted by Chantel Martiromo, Research article by Kyle J. Norton


During the last stage of the menstrual cycle, normally a layer of endometriosis lining on the inside of the uterus is expelled, known as menstruation blood, instead some of the endometriosis tissues grow somewhere in the body to cause endometriosis. Endometriosis also react to hormone signals of the monthly menstrual cycle, by building and breaking up tissues and eliminating them through menstrual period.

The Vitamin K

Vitamin K was first discovered by Danish scientist Herrik Dam in 1929. It is a fat-soluble vitamin. It is best known for its ability of protein synthesis and blood coagulation. Dietary deficiency is extremely rare because it is produced by bacteria in the digestive system. Since it is fat soluble, it can be stored in our body and we do no need to take them regularly.

1. Nervous(224)(227) and circulation systems
Vitamin K activated protein Gas6 which has been shown to be actively involved in cell survival, chemotaxis, mitogenesis, and cell growth of neurons and glial cells(225). It also helps to convert glucose into glycogen(226) which is essential for improving the liver function in fighting against the forming of bad cholesterol accumulated(227) in the blood stream causing high blood pressure(227), making transportation of oxygen more difficult to the body's cell, increasing the risk of heart disease(228) and elevating tensions of nervous system. Glycogen can be stored in the liver, muscles, and can be used in case of deficiency.

2. Abnormal bleeding(229)(230) and menstrual Pain(231)
Vitamin K also helps in production of prothrombin which is an important substance for blood clotting. Women with endometriosis were found to have vitamin K deficiency leading to menstrual pain and heavier than normal bleeding during menstruation.

3. Immune system
Since vitamin K helps to strengthen the liver's function(232)(233)

, indirectly it protects our body from environmental toxins and free radical invasion that may cause abnormal endometrial implants(232) and adhesion growing(233) somewhere else other than the endometrium as we mentioned in the other articles.

4. Cell Growth(234)(235)(236)
Vitamin K is also said to be an important vitamin that helps to regulate the cellular functions including cell adhesion, cell proliferation, and protection against the cell's cytoskeleton to break up the membrane and bulge outward causing the loss of membrane asymmetry and attachment. Deficiency of vitamin K may cause an increase in the risk of irregularity cellular growth, such as endometriosis.

5. Anemia(228)(229)(236)
Since vitamin K deficiency causes heavy bleeding for women with endometriosis adhered to the abdominal region leading to anemia as a result of depletion of red blood cells in the body or inability of the body to produce more red blood cell to cover the loss during menstruation

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References

(224) Vitamin K and the nervous system: an overview of its actions by Ferland G.(PubMed)
(225) Possible effects of one week vitamin K (menaquinone-4) tablets intake onglucose tolerance in healthy young male volunteers with different descarboxy prothrombin levels by Sakamoto N1, Nishiike T, Iguchi H, Sakamoto K.(PubMed)
(226) Correlation of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors with cholesterol and triglycerides in healthy young adults by Hoffman CJ1, Lawson WE, Miller RH, Hultin MB.(PubMed)
(227) [Frequency of use of oral vitamin K antagonists in patients with atrial fibrillation and cognitive function disturbances].[Article in Polish] by Gorzelak P, Zyzak S, Krewko Ł, Mozdzan M, Broncel M.(PubMed)
(228) Oral anticoagulation and vitamin K deficiency by Eichinger S.(PubMed)
(229) "Haemorrhagic disease of the newborn" 89 years later than expected:vitamin K deficiency bleeding by Seguna R1, Maw KZ2, Lyall HD2, Bowles KM3.(PübMed)
(230)Vitamin K acupuncture pint injection for severe primary dysmenorrhea: an international pilot study by Wang L1, Cardini F, Zhao W, Regalia AL, Wade C, Forcella E, Yu J.(PubMed)
(231)Procoagulant therapeutics in liver disease: a critique and clinical rationale by Shah NL, Intagliata NM, Northup PG, Argo CK, Caldwell SH.(PubMed)
(232) The potent antioxidant activity of the vitamin K cycle in microsomal lipid peroxidation by Vervoort LM1, Ronden JE, Thijssen HH.(PubMed)
(233) Vitamin K enhancement of sorafenib-mediated HCC cell growth inhibition in vitro and in vivo by Wei G1, Wang M, Hyslop T, Wang Z, Carr BI.(PubMed)
(234) Sorafenib combined vitamin K induces apoptosis in human pancreatic cancer cell lines through RAF/MEK/ERK and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase pathways by Wei G1, Wang M, Carr BI.(PubMed)
(235) Vitamin K3 disrupts the microtubule networks by binding to tubulin: a novel mechanism of its antiproliferative activity by Acharya BR1, Choudhury D, Das A, Chakrabarti G.(PubMed)
(236) Surgical evacuation of neonatal intracranial hemorrhage due to vitamin K deficiency bleeding.by Zidan AS1, Abdel-Hady H.(PubMed)